The scientific study of the nervous system — from molecular mechanisms to cognition, consciousness, and behavior.

Neuroscience sits at the edge of the hardest problem in science: the nature of consciousness. It raises questions about free will, criminal responsibility, cognitive enhancement, neuromarketing, and the privacy of mental states.

Sufi epistemology distinguishes between levels of knowing: sensory (hiss), rational ('aql), and direct experiential knowing (kashf/dhawq). This hierarchy maps productively onto neuroscientific questions about the relationship between neural correlates and subjective experience — and highlights what the correlational method structurally cannot access.