The design and regulation of land use, infrastructure, and spatial development in urban and regional contexts.

Urban planning decisions shape who can live where, under what conditions, and with access to what resources. Questions of displacement, gentrification, environmental justice, and the politics of participation are embedded in planning practice.

The Islamic city — with its integration of the mosque, market, court, and bath — embodied a theory of urban life as structured community, not mere aggregation. The concept of 'umran (civilizational order) in Ibn Khaldun provides a sociological and ethical framework for thinking about urban flourishing.